March Overview
The second edition of our monthly overviews, this month features more instalments of some more modern history, as we think some of the chroniclers of yesteryears took March off!
1st
589 St. David dies, making the first of March his Saints day
1562 The French wars on Religion started
1692 The start of the Salem Witch Trials
1973 Pink Floyd release their album "Dark Side of the Moon", since sold over 45 million copies
2nd
986 Louis V named King of ther Franks
1545 Thomas Boleyn was born
1796 Napoléon Bonaparte is appointed Commander-in-Chief of the French Army in Italy
3rd
1542 Arthur Plantagenet died
1847 Alexander Graham Bell, inventor of the telephone, was born
1857 Second Opium War: France and the United Kingdom declare war on China
1939 Mahatma Gandhi begins a fast in Mumbai (Bombay) to protest against autocratic rule in India
1943 Battle of the Bismarck Sea: Australian and American air forces devastate Japanese navy convoy
4th
852 Croatian Duke Trpimir I issued a statute, a document with the first known written mention of the Croats name in Croatian sources.
938 Translation of the relics of martyr Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia, the patron saint of the Czech state
1152 Frederick I Barbarossa elected Holy Roman Emperor
1215 King John of England makes an oath to the Pope as a crusader to gain the support of Innocent III.
1461 Henry VI was deposed
1522 Anne Boleyn makes her debut at the English court at the Green Castle pageant
1628 England's King Charles I grants a royal charter to Massachusetts Bay Colony
Jack Sheppard was a well known criminal and escape artist. He spent his early life as a carpenter before he turned to his life of crime of theft. He was arrested a total of 5 times and each time but the last he managed to escape. On the 16th November 1724 Jack was taken to Tyburn, to be hung by the neck. He had planned one last escape and hide a pen knife in his sleeve, this was found by a prison guard and taken away. A totally of around 200,000 people went to watch the execution and the atmosphere was like that of a carnival.
Because of his short hight it slowed down the strangulation of the noose. His body was hung for the prescribed 15 mins after which it was cut down. The crowd serged forward to help stop his body being taken away as dissected, this however stopped his friends from taken it away to a Dr to try and revive him. His body was then laid to rest at St Martin in the Field later in the evening.
1789 1st US Congress meets and declares constitution in effect (9 senators, 13 reps)
2019 Keith Flint the lead singer of the Prodigy died
5th
1133 Henry II, King of England (1154-89), born in Le Mans, Maine, Kingdom of France (d. 1189)
1496 Henry VII authorized John Cabot to explore
1807 1st performance of Ludwig van Beethoven's 4th Symphony in B
1933 Germany's Nazi Party wins majority in parliament (43.9%-17.2M votes)
1936 Spitfire prototype took its first flight
1943 RAF bombs Essen Germany
1946 Winston Churchill's "Iron Curtain" speech in Fulton, Missouri, popularises the term and draws attention to the division of Europe
1960 Elvis Presley ends 2-year service in US Army
6th
1340 John of Gaunt, English son of King Edward III, 1st Duke of Lancaster, founder of the English royal House of Lancaster, born in Ghent (d. 1399)
1475 Michelangelo was born
1491 Richard Woodville died
1799 Napoleon Bonaparte captures city of Jaffa, Palestine, after a 5 day siege, defeating the Ottoman Empire
1836 Battle of the Alamo: After 13 days of fighting 1,500-3,000 Mexican soldiers overwhelm the Texan defenders, killing 182-257 Texans
7th
1530 English King Henry VIII's divorce request is denied by the Pope
1578 Margaret Douglas died
1958 Rik Mayall was born
He began acting as a child and met his writing partner and friend Ade Edmonson while attending the University of Manchester. The paid formed Twentieth Century Coyote and performed at the Comedy Store in London as well as other clubs before making the move to TV in The Comic Strip. Rik had rare big-screen roles, which included a girl’s mischievous imaginary friend in Drop Dead Fred. He also filmed the part of the poltergeist Peeves for Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone but the role was deleted from the film. Despite being known as an anarchic comedian, he was an accomplished actor in TV guest spots as well as onstage.
During Easter of 1998 Rik only just survived a five-day coma resulting from a quad-bike accident; he later joked that he had technically been dead for five days and had therefore “beat Jesus Christ” 5–3. He released his tongue-in-cheek “autobiography,” Bigger than Hitler—Better than Christ, in 2005. On 9th June 2014, Rik died at his home in Barnes, Richmond-upon-Thames, London, from a sudden heart attack after going for a jog. He was 56 years old.
8th
1531 Henry VIII recognised as supreme head of Church in England by the Convocation of Canterbury
1702 Queen Anne became Queen
9th
1522 Martin Luther begins preaching his "Invocavit Sermons" in the German city of Wittenberg, bringing to a close the revolutionary stage of the Reformation
1566 David Rizzio was killed
He became her most trusted and faithful advisor, he was always in the same room as Mary. While he was at her court he remained her most faithful advisor and most useful secretary. Lord Darnley, Mary's husband, because jealous of Rizzio as he was always in her company, he also believed Rizzio was the father of Mary's unborn child.
There were many men on Mary's Council that didn't like Rizzio and wanted him gone. While they were staying at Holyroodhouse, Lord Darnley and a few other members of the council broke into Mary's supper room and dragged Rizzio away. He was then held down by some of the men and stabbed to death in front of a heavily pregnant Mary, who was utterly heartbroken and in shock.
1959 Barbie made her debut
10th
1536 Thomas Howard was born
1578 Queen Elizabeth I of England gives Johan Casimir £20,000 to aid Dutch rebellion
1629 Parliment was dissolved
11th
537 Rome is besieged by Goths
1888 Malcolm Cambell was born
12th
1270 Prince Charles, Count of Valois (1284-1325), son of King Philip III of France, founder of the House of Valois, born in France (d. 1325)
1539 Thomas Boleyn died
Thomas was the father of the ill fated Anne Boleyn. He had worked with his wife brother to place Anne under the nose of Henry VIII. While Anne was on the rise, so was her family this included her brother George and her father, they both received titles, land and money. But once Anne was beheaded, Thomas as the remains of his family went away from court and lived their lives at Hever Castle.
He spent he rest of his life away from court, living a quiet life all while keeping his head down. He died at the family home of Hever and was laid to rest at the church next door. His tomb was marked with a brass marking that depicted everything he had achieved in life, even if some of had been taken away.
13th
1881 Alexander II of Russia is assassinated by members of far-left terror group 'People's Will' who threw a bomb at him whilst he was in the city of St. Petersburg
14th
1369 Battle of Montiel: Peter of Castile (Peter the Cruel) who, with support from England, is defeated by an alliance between the French and his half-brother Henry II
1647 Thirty Years' War: Bavaria, Cologne, France and Sweden sign the Truce of Ulm.
1897 Albert Einstein was born
2018 Stephen Hawking died
15th
44BC Julius Caesar was killed
16th
1190 Clifford Tower Jewish massacre
Most of them had come over from France during the Norman invasion. The new king needed money so he could build Castles and secure the kingdom, Christians where not allowed to deal with money so the job was given to the Jews. They where all under the protection of the King and most of them started to settle all over England. There slowly began to be a hostility towards the Jewish Community, mostly due to the disagreements over religion and theology.
Rumours started to circulate that the Jews had murdered Christian children which made more and more people turn against them. Many Jews went to the coronation of Richard I, but many where attacked or killed on their way home. Back in York, many people had left for the third Crusade. A fire had broken out in the city of York, this was during a time when attacks on the Jewish were also increasing all over England.
A York jew named Joceus, managed to lead the community to Clifford Tower to seek safety. The relationship between the Jews and the keeper of the Tower, he left to carry out business and wasn't allowed back in. The mob challenged the King and many more joined the mob outside. Many Jews tried to throw stones at the mob from inside the castle in to hope to send them away. After a few days many of them realised they couldn't out do the mob and instead of being killed or forcibly baptised, they decided to meet their end together. They burnt their belongings before they killed themselves. It was estimated to have been 30-40 family's or roughly 150 people.
1322 The Battle of Boroughbridge takes place in the First War of Scottish Independence
1792 King Gustav III of Sweden is shot by Count Jacob Johan Anckarström at a masked ball at the Opera; he dies on March 29
1850 Nathaniel Hawthorne's "The Scarlet Letter" published by Ticknor, Reed and Fields in Boston
1912 Lawrence Oates dies in the South Pole
17th
432 Saint Patrick, aged about 16 is captured by Irish pirates from his home in Great Britain and taken as a slave to Ireland
1337 Edward the Black Prince was made Duke of Cornwall
1473 James VI of Scotland was born
18th
235 Marcus Aurelius Alexander, Syrian emperor of Rome (222-235), he was murdered
978 Edward, the Martyr, King of Anglo-Saxons (975-78), was murdered at 15 years old
1190 Crusaders kill 57 Jews in Bury St Edmunds, England
1229 Frederick II named King of Jerusalem
1495 Mary Tudor was born
19th
1238 Henry the Bearded, High Duke of Poland (1232-38) died
1452 Frederick III of Hapsburg crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Nicholas V in Rome
1568 Elizabeth Seymour died
1979 Richard Beckinsale died
20th
1345 Saturn, Jupiter and Mars-conjunction, thought be the cause of plague epidemic
1469 Cecily of York was born
1616 Walter Raleigh was set free
1977 Chester Bennington was born
He joined his first band in 1993, but he left to join another band Grey Daze, he would leave then in 1998. He nearly quit his career in music, but the he met Jeff Blue who told him of a new band called Xero, he passed the audition and became the lead singer. But no record label would sign them until Jeff Blue stepped in to help. In 2000 they realeased their debut album and were now known as Linkin Park. Between 2000 and 2017 the band have released 7 albums, done numerous tours and won many awards.
While working with Linkin Park he also set about looking at other bands. He co-founded Dead by Sunrise in 2005 and did their debut show in 2008 with their album coming out the following year. In 2013 he became the lead singer for Stone Temple Pilots, but he left the band 2 years later to concentrate on Linkin Park. He also did the odd guest vocals for song.
Chester married twice and had 5 children. Through out his life he also struggled with drug and alcohol abuse, it would be his brothers from, Linkin Park who would step in to help him. He was a keen tattoo enthusiast, not only was he covers but he helped his friend set up as shop. Through out he also suffered from mental health issues, which many of his songs were about.
On the 20th July 2017, Chester was found dead at his home in California. It was confirmed that Chester had hung himself. The band had just released their latest album and were on tour, which they had to cancel. His funeral took place 9 days later at South Coast Botanical Gardens. Not long after a tribute concert was held in his honour, with the music world coming together to remember Chester.
21st
867 Aella, King of Northumbria died
1349 Between 100 and 3,000 Jews are killed in Black Death riots in Erfurt, Germany
1152 Louis VII marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine was annuled
1960 Ayrton Senna was born
He made his debut in 1874 at the Brazilian Grand Prix. He knew what he wanted from the car and would help gain as much as as possible from it. He soon rose up the ranks with win after win along with he reputation he was gaining for his relationship with his team mate Alain Prost. Throughout his career he would change teams and would even join what was seen as the best team on the grid Williams.
In 1994 while at the San Marino Grand Prix a few incidents took place and Senna was among them. In May 1st Senna crashed into a concrete wall at 145 mph on a tight bend, it caused the right front wheel and suspension to go up inside the car, part of the wheel had penetrated his helmet Within minutes he was pulled from the car and medics got to work, he had a weak heart rate and had lost a lot of blood. He was air lifted to the local where he was pronounced dead, as racers can't be pronounced dead on a race track.
His body was flown back to Brazil where 3 days of mourning took place. His body was laid in state and an estimated 200,000 people paid their respects. On the day of the funeral it was attended by many people from the F1 community, his helmet was laid on his coffin throughout the service. He was laid to rest at Morumbi cemetery in Brazil.
22nd
871 Aetherled of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion force
1519 Catherine Brandon was born
23rd
1430 Margaret of Anjou was born
1540 Watham Abbey closed, the last during the dissolution
24th
1199 Richard I was injured
1603 Elizabeth I dies
By the end of 1602 early 1603, Elizabeth was feeling unwell, due to having caught a chill after walking out in the cold winter air. She also complained of a sore throat as well as aches and pains. She lay on cushions in her private apartments and could not be persuaded to leave them for the comfort of her bed. "I am not well" she declared, but refused to see her doctors.
If Elizabeth was to fight against the illness she was facing then she would have beaten it, but she decided she didn't want to. Elizabeth was now nearly 70 years old, she was tired and lonely. She was ready to slip into the world where all those she had loved had gone before her. As her condition deteriorated, Archbishop Whitgift was called to her side, and the she held tight to his hand. When he spoke of getting better, she made no response, but when he spoke of the joys of Heaven, she squeezed his hand. By now she was beyond speech and could only communicate with gestures. It was clear to those around that the great Queen was dying.
At the start of March, she fell sick and remained in a "settled and unremovable melancholy", and would sit motionless on a cushion for hours on end. When her advisor Robert Cecil told her to go to bed, she replied: "Must is not a word to use to princes, little man." Elizabeth fell into a deep sleep and died at Richmond Palace, between two and three in the morning. A few hours later, Cecil and the rest of the council set their plans in motion and proclaimed James King of England.
Elizabeth ruled what is known as the Golden Age for 45 years, at the time of her death she was 69 years old. With her death saw the end of the Tudor blood line.
1873 Mary Anne Cotton was executed
25th
1199 Richard I, Lion Heart, King of England, is wounded by a crossbow bolt while fighting France, leads to his death on April 6th
1306 Robert the Bruce crowned Robert I, King of Scots, having killed his rival John Comyn, Lord of Badenoch
1807 British Parliament abolishes slave trade throughout the British Empire; penalty of £120 per slave introduced for ship captains
26th
685 Cuthbert (later Saint Cuthbert) is consecrated Bishop of Lindisfarne by Archbishop Theodore at York
1130 King Sigurd I of Norway (b. ca. 1090) died
1484 Aesops Fables was published, a translation by William Caxton
27th
972 Robert II of France [the Pious, the Wise], King of the Franks (996-1031), born in Orléans, France (d. 1031)
1625 Charles I named King
28th
845 Paris is sacked by Viking raiders, probably under legendary king Ragnar Lodbrok, who collects a huge ransom in exchange for leaving
1483 Raphael was born
29th
1461 Battle of Towton, Britains bloodiest battle
30th
1282 The people of Sicily rebel against the Angevin king Charles I, in what becomes known as the Sicilian Vespers
1296 Edward I sacks Berwick-upon-Tweed, during armed conflict between Scotland and England
1806 Georgiana Cavendish dies
1853 Vincent Van Gogh was born
1912 Robert Falcon Scott died at the South Pole
In June 1910 he embarked on a second Antarctic expedition. The aims were to study the Ross Sea and to reach the South Pole. Equipped with motor sledges, ponies, and dogs, he and 11 others started for the pole from Cape Evans on October 24, 1911. The motors soon broke; the ponies had to be shot and from there the dog teams were sent back.
On December 10 the party began to ascend Beardmore Glacier with three man-hauled sledges. By the end of December seven men had been returned to the base. The remaining polar party Scott, Wilson, Bowers, Oates, and Edgar Evans reached the pole on January 17, 1912. Exhausted by their trek, they were disappointed to find that Roald Amundsen had beaten them to the pole by a month.
The weather on the return journey was exceptionally bad. Evans died at Beardmore. Food and fuel supplies were also getting low. Oates, with little strength went out into a blizzard on March 17 to his death. The three survivors struggled on for 10 miles but then were confined to their tent by another blizzard that lasted for nine days. While there they each awaited their death, about 11 miles from their destination. On March 29 Scott wrote the final entry in his diary.
By the start of November, the tent with their frozen bodies, geological specimens from Beardmore, and Scott’s records and diaries where found. After his death he was seen as a national hero for his courage and patriotism. His wife was given a knighthood that would have been given to him had he lived.
31st
1492 Isabella of Castile delacres the Alhambra Decree
1519 Henry I of France was born
1657 English Parliament makes the Humble Petition to Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell offering him the crown: he declines
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